Alfred Stieglitz Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Alfred Stieglitz Works Cited Missing Alfred Stieglitz was a compelling picture taker who went through his time on earth battling for the acknowledgment of photography as a substantial artistic expression. He was a spearheading picture taker, editorial manager and display proprietor who assumed significant job in characterizing and forming innovation in the United States. (Lowe 23). He took pictures in when photography was considered as just a logical interest and not a craftsmanship. As the discussion over the craftsmanship estimation of photography got broad, Stieglitz started to battle for the acknowledgment of his picked medium. This fight would last as long as he can remember. Edward Stieglitz, father of Alfred, was conceived in Germany in 1833. He experienced childhood with a ranch, cherished nature, and was a craftsman on a basic level. Legend has it that, free and solid willed, Edward Stieglitz fled from home at sixteen years old since his mom demanded after treating his shirt after he had beseeched her not to (Lowe 23). Edward would later meet Hedwig Warner and they would have their first child, Alfred. Alfred was the first of six destined to his father Edward and mother Hedwig. As a kid Alfred was recognized as a kid with thick dark hair, huge dim eyes, pale fine skin, a carefully demonstrated mouth with a solid jawline (Peterson 34). In 1871 the Stieglitz family inhabited 14 East 60th road in Manhattan. No structures stood between Central Park and the Stieglitz family home. As Stieglitz got more established he began to show enthusiasm for photography, posting each photograph he could find on his room divider. It wasn't until he got more seasoned that his photography interest start to assume responsibility for his life. Stieglitz officially began photography at nineteen years old, during his first a long time at the Berlin Polytechnic School. Right now photography was in its outset as a fine art. Alfred took in the expressive arts of photography by viewing a neighborhood picture taker in Berlin working in the store's dull room. In the wake of making a couple of photos of his room and himself, he joined up with a photochemistry course. This is the place his photography profession would start. His soonest open acknowledgment originated from England and Germany. It started in 1887 when Stieglitz won the first of his numerous first prizes in an opposition. The adjudicator who gave him the honor was Dr. P.H. Emerson, at that point the most generally referred to English backer of photography as a craftsmanship (Doty 23). Dr. Emerson later wrot... ...raphers. When the new century rolled over, another class of inventive people, called painter- picture taker developed. This gathering satisfied Stieglitz' s dream for pictorial photography. Its quality gave the development people who were prepared in the set up expressions and who legitimized the imaginative cases of pictorial photography by the way that they were willing to utilize the photographic medium. The very term painter picture taker was made up concerning Frank Eugene who worked all the while with Stieglitz in media for 10 years. Eugene went to a German expressive arts institute, and painted showy pictures of the United States. In 1889 he mounted an independent display of pictorial photos at the Camera Club of New York, which, distinctly, was explored in Camera Notes as painting photography (Norman 23). All in all Stieglitz's battle for photography formed into new thoughts for people in the future. He kept on making his own analyses and to safeguard crafted by others additionally kicking off something new. The magazines he altered, similar to the exhibitions he established, quickly became dynamic purposes of contact among craftsman and open and a battleground for new thoughts.

Blackberry Strategy Free Essays

string(105) item contrasted with its greatest adversary: Apple, which has practical experience in purchaser cordial sight and sound device. BlackBerry’s technique to pick up piece of the pie in the standard market and The utilization of advancements to accomplish its objectives Team JMARCS Bozak, Dasgupta, Feng, Kumar, Sharma, Tu SET: 1G    MKTG-1102â â â Instructor: Don Linderâ â â â October, 22, 09 Introduction: Research In Motion (RIM) is a main planner, maker and advertiser of creative remote answers for the overall portable interchanges showcase. (Reseach In Motion) RIM was established in 1984. Edge currently has workplaces in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. We will compose a custom article test on Blackberry Strategy or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now BlackBerry is a line of remote handheld gadgets that was presented in 1999 as a two-way pager. In 2002, BlackBerry was discharged, which supports push email, cell phone, content informing, web faxing, web perusing and different remote data administrations. It conveys data over the remote information systems of cell phone administration organizations. BlackBerry holds the world’s second most elevated piece of the pie in the advanced cell stage, catching 21% of overall PDA deals in Q2, 2009. On 30 May 2009, RIM declared the quantity of BlackBerry endorsers has arrived at around 28. 5 million. (Wikipedia) BlackBerry’s contender Apple presented the iPhone in 2007 which was named the Invention of the Year by Time Magazine. Apple iPhone is developing at an exceptionally noteworthy rate and with presentation of iPhone 3GS, Apple looks all set to overwhelm RIM by mid of 2010 and become number two player in advanced mobile phone advertise. Examiners were stating that RIM is probably not going to keep up its over half offer in North America because of developing rivalry from Apple, Motorola, and Palm, among others. (Wikipedia) Problem: How does RIM gain piece of the pie in the buyer advanced mobile phone showcase? Key Findings: Consumer conduct Two sorts of clients for advanced mobile phone clients: ? Endeavor clients BlackBerry was a â€Å"company decision†. ? Non-Enterprise clients BlackBerry was a â€Å"personal decision†. †¢ According to Canalys Research, touchscreens turned into the favored interface, speaking to 40% all things considered. After perceiving Appl e’s accomplishment with the iPhone contact screen interface, RIM presented its own touch screen gadget called BlackBerry Storm in end of 2008. (Canalys Research) †¢ According to Canalys Research, Smart telephones have been contradicting the business standard, with shipments developing in spite of the worldwide downturn. Canalys Research) Company data †¢ A forceful â€Å"buy-one-get-one† advancement by Verizon Wireless aided RIM’s BlackBerry Curve move past Apple’s iPhone to turn into the top of the line customer cell phone in the U. S. in the principal quarter (Q1) of 2009. (NPD Group) †¢ iPhone is selective to significant transporters, for example, AT (in US), Rogers and Fido (in Canada) and O2, T-Mobile, Vodaphone (in Europe) and numerous littler bearers around the globe. †¢ Verizon and Vodafone are substantial advertisers of BlackBerry. †¢ Palm restrictive to Sprint until 2010. †¢ RIM has effectively extended its item port folio to incorporate a wide appointment of gadgets and interfaces that intrigue to a scope of clients at various value focuses. Piece of the pie †¢ The fight among iPhone and BlackBerry is over the Non-Enterprise advertise, as the clients of cell phones are expanding in this portion. †¢ RIM’s purchaser cell phone piece of the pie expanded 15 percent to about 50 percent of the cell phone showcase in US in Q1 2009 versus the earlier quarter, as Apple’s and Palm’s share both declined 10 percent each. (NPD Group) †¢ According to NPD’s â€Å"Smartphone Market Update† report, U. S. shopper deals of cell phone handsets in first-quarter, 2009, positioned in the accompanying request: 1. Edge BlackBerry Curve (every 83XX model); 2. Apple iPhone 3G (all models); 3. Edge BlackBerry Storm; 4. Edge BlackBerry Pearl (all models, aside from flip); 5. T-Mobile G1. (NPD Group) †¢ According to Gartner’s inquire about, the cell phone deals grew 27 percent during the period. In cell phones Nokia came in top however their piece of the pie dropped from 47. 4 percent in Q2 2008 to 45 percent in Q2 2009. Edge saw 1. 4 percent hop in piece of the overall industry, which carried their number to 18. 7 percent. Apple saw the greatest bounce from 2. 8 percent in 2008 to 13. 3 percent in Q2 2009. (Gartner) Gartner says â€Å"Apple’s venture into a bigger number of nations in the previous year has delivered an unmistakable impact on deals volumes, as have the ongoing value alterations on 8GB 3G iPhone. † (Gartner) Assumptions: RIM has the fundamental money related assets or the methods by which to advance its item. Edge likewise needs to have enough money related stores to retain lower benefits because of forceful advancements. SWOT Analysis: We have cites from our examination going with the announcements beneath. These statements are intended to additionally show the significance of the announcements. Qualities Global conspicuousness and money related steadiness of the BlackBerry brand in North America gives a solid stage to item development. â€Å"Over 35 percent of 2007 incomes were from worldwide deals outside North America. Somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2007, the organization developed its workforce from around 1250 representatives to in excess of 7000 workers. † (Grewal, 2009) †¢ RIM’s BlackBerry offers a shifted set of items to recognize the requirements of the various fragments of clients. Edge has a solid line up of advanced mobile phones such BlackBerry Curve and BlackBerry Pearle with the well known QWERTY console. The new arrangement incorporate perfect and sharp BlackBerry Bold and BlackBerry Storm. Edge has additionally presented BlackBerry App World where you can download and buy applications from a PDA. So far RIM has set up a solid base with proficient clients due to their product’s usefulness and security. â€Å"Storm, the new BlackBerry is among RIM’s most grounded moves so far to interest the expanding number of customers selecting mixed media telephones, a market that is progressively going to contact screen gadgets for their usability. † (The Wall Street Journal) †¢ BlackBerry conveys a scope of sensibly evaluated items which gives their clients the most determination in the PDA advertise. Our checks appear AT store reps seem ready to prescribe BlackBerry to customers dissuaded by iPhone’s $599 (U. S. ) cost tag,† (The Globe and Mail) †¢ RIM’s quality in the advanced mobile phone showcase is its stunningly estimated dispersion system to give items and administrations to the customer. â€Å"Retail shoppers and corporate customers can purchase the BlackBerry from in excess of 500 transporters and dispersion accomplices in around 170 nations around the globe. † (Leader-Post) Weaknesses †¢ RIM has a powerless diversion stage for its item contrasted with its greatest adversary: Apple, which has practical experience in buyer neighborly interactive media gadget. You read Blackberry Strategy in class Papers Beneath, we have an ongoing statement from BlackBerry CEO Jim Balsille, who stresses the company’s need to concentrate on the non-endeavor advertise. â€Å"As we head into the second from last quarter we anticipate picking up footing with BlackBerry benefits in new market portions to drive the following leg of development for the company,† (Perez) †¢ BlackBerry is more vulnerable brand contrasted with Apple and Nokia in the shopper segment. They have as of late began to advance their item for the standard buyer. †¢ â€Å"The organization hopes to transport between 9. 2 million and 9. million BlackBerry cell phones next quarter, as it plans for subsequent meet-ups to well known gadgets, for example, the Storm and Bold. Be that as it may, a few experts communicated worry over its push to the standard since it would imply that RIM would contend all the more legitimately with its customer agreeable opponents. † (Perez) †¢ Due to the generally more sign ificant expenses of BlackBerry items, it makes some harder memories contending in developing markets. â€Å"Nokia has a solid nearness in the minimal effort part of the market. What's more, it’s likely that the organization will keep on keeping up quality here, utilizing its huge scope to minimize expenses. (Reardon) Opportunities †¢ Consumers are increasingly responsive to buying media on the web. This has a made a market that Apple has gained by with its administrations like iTunes and Apple App Store. Edge has as of late presented their own application store which has so far got positive surveys. â€Å"RIM’s application customer facing facade will be critical to the firm’s long haul achievement. Similarly as Apple’s App Store and iTunes drive deals of the company’s equipment, App Worldâ€which has gotten commonly positive reviewsâ€must be sufficiently alluring to bait clients from the different cell phones available. † (Gibbs) Due to expanded globalization and buyer acknowledgment of new innovation, purchasers around the globe are requesting advanced cells from their neighborhood transporters. This opens new markets for RIM to extend in. Regardless of worldwide downturn, the interest for advanced mobile phones developed as there was a 27 percent expansion from Q2 2008 to Q2 2009. Dangers †¢ Growing rivalry from Apple, Nokia, HTC, and Palm among others. Apple is venturing into an enormous number of nations while bringing down their costs which is expanding their business volume altogether. Nokia is the biggest advanced mobile phone supplier with plentiful money to build up their innovation and items. Be that as it may, as the iPhone and different adversaries grow their scope, RIM could wind up battling for an already uncontested area. † (Leader-Post) †¢ The world economy is experiencing a downturn. This has definitely changed the purchaser conduct towards better quality gadgets. â€Å"The curren

Building Authenticity Through Student Blogs

Building Authenticity Through Student Blogs (0) Students love an audience. Look no further than their social media presence to get an idea of how much today’s generation of students craves a like, retweet, or favorite. Loops, views, and share numbers are worn as a badge of honor. Gone are the days when every student despised the sound of their own voice, were cowering in fear of presentation tasks, and hated having their pictures taken. Selfie culture has made it cool to share who you are and what you’re about with a healthy dab of personal swag dropped right on top. This craving for audience provides a unique engagement opportunity for educators. It gives you the edge of audience. Since students want an audience, we can make any task authentic by having them create for that audience. No task is “contrived” if we are telling students that they are sharing something with the world. By harnessing this power, we can transform the boring ol’ five paragraph essay into a personalized learning experience for each student. Let’s ditch the academic speak and  tell students they are bloggers. Here’s why. Authenticity of Audience This is a given. In days of old, students were writing for you, the teacher. Boring. Why should they care about a piece of writing if their only audience is the teacher in the back of the room? They won’t.  Blogs flip that script. Their audience is the depths of the internet. They can share a blog link with their family, friends, tweet it out, post it on their wall, feed, timeline, whatever. Their words can go as far as they would like them to. The reach is motivating and can be seen if you check the click and view stats. Now students know who they are writing for, which leads to the next point… Authenticity of Purpose When a student figures out that they are writing for the world, and they have an actual readership that extends beyond the four walls they exist within as a writer, the game dynamically changes. It’s no longer about a grade, about meeting the lowest expectations of completion, or keeping mom and dad happy. Now they have the passion inside to create something for people that want to read it. This fundamental change in purpose of writing not only makes students want to write, it makes them want to write well. This is something you cannot provide on even close to the scale they will be able to reach on the internet. Sure, you can create a newsletter, have a classroom share out, or writing celebration, but the amount of eyes you can get on their writing pales in comparison to the thousands of folks they can reach on the web. Authenticity of Feedback Old school writing instruction requires a ton of feedback. From you. This is important because after reading your students’ work, you give them the guidance and structure to get better. But consider this: While your feedback will always be a cornerstone of the writing process in your classroom, when students take their writing online and start blogging, they will begin to receive a new form of feedback that will inform their practice in a much more powerful and meaningful (to them) way. I’m talking about reader comments. When the voices from the web start telling kids what they think of their writing, then students have a much more “real” reason to listen and apply it’s impacting their readership. Their online identity is at stake. These voices will truly inform and push students to get better at their craft. Students will listen because, as any online creator at some point realizes, your stuff is only as good as your audience attests. Authenticity of Voice Student voice is not just an edu-buzzword right now. It’s a real thing. More and more teachers are finding every day that students who feel that their words matter and that they are listened to are more motivated to learn and more driven to be an active part of what happens in the classroom. And while we can’t offer voice in every single classroom activity we plan, we really should consider deploying student blogs with this in mind. Why? Because it’s motivating. I recall an aghast 7th grade English teacher that recoiled in fear when I mentioned the name “Tupac” when suggesting a writing topic. Needless to say, I was assigned, along with the rest of the class, a topic of the teacher’s choice. Why do we do this? Writing can easily feel like a chore already. Especially when you are stuck with a teacher that assigns topics or allows limited flexibility in what you are allowed to publish in the classroom. Let a student choose. Here’s a sampling of what my students have blogged about, in no particular order: the NBA Chevy Trucks Premier League Soccer Middle School Current Events Internet meme explanations 1970’s east coast hip-hop movie reviews “My dog” The list goes on and on. The topics they pick may seemodd, but students care enough about these things to tell me, “This is what I want to tell people about”.  If you let kids pick what they want to tell people about, they will write about that topic. Authenticity of Volume Most of our students don’t write nearly enough. I have seen the amazing writing teacher and author Kelly Gallagher speak before about the “44 classroom.” This is when teachers focus on four big books and four big papers (one per quarter) throughout the school year. Gallagher posits that this fails students for a variety of reasons, but the biggest failure is in the dearth of writing activity students participate in. Blogs are a panacea for the volume problem. Since blogs are less formal and easily accessible, students can access and publish their work whenever they like. Maybe they post once a month, a couple times a week, or every day. However students manage it, they are creating a portfolio of writing that has advantages for a variety of reasons. Persistent effort in any area leads to improvement Creation of a portfolio of work for students to compare and set goals from A deep pool for writing instructors to provide assessment and feedback A digital legacy that students can share and be proud of Simply put, students are going to write a whole lot more if you give them the freedom and space to do it. Blogs make that happen. There’s a story I often share wistfully when I discuss student blogs with colleagues. Several years ago I started blogging with my kids in ELA and I, very anxiously, allowed them to provide the vision and scope for their own blogs. One student took this freedom and created a poetry portfolio that she updated almost daily. She emailed me the link and asked for my feedback whether it was a weekend, holiday, snow day, any day. She updated it from 7th grade all the way through high school, and shared it with me every step of the way. A few months ago she called me to say she had her first poem published in a collection. I was so ecstatic and so proud. And while this young lady was an excellent student destined to achieve great things in her own right, I would like to think that our blogs were a tipping point that allowed her writing to develop and flourish into what it is today. The creative freedom, the visible audience, motivation to persist in itIf the authentic experience and voice that is given to students can lead to such amazing outcomes, why wouldn’t we include this as a focus of our classroom writing experiences?

C132 Effective Communication Task 1 Essay - 833 Words

Presentation Rationale Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to educate and inform my audience of the risks inherent from unintended hypothermia. I’m eager to alert perioperative staff of the potential dangers as well as the preventative measures that can be taken in order to avoid complications associated with unintended hypothermia. My central idea is hypothermia management saves lives. Intended Audience: My ideal audience for this speech would be those medical professionals working in the perioperative area. Significance: This topic is very significant to my audience because our patients’ outcomes are directly related to our competency in this area. Knowledge of what measures are to be implemented to avoid unintended hypothermia†¦show more content†¦(Hart et al., 2011) b. The prevention and management of unintended hypothermia remain a nation priority in preventing surgical site infection, and it has been designated as an SCIP quality measure. (Philips, 2015) i. Hypothermia may also trigger thermoregulatory vasoconstriction; the consequent reduction in cutaneous blood flow leads to subcutaneous tissue hypoxia and failure of humoral immune defense systems to reach target areas to fight infection. (Hart et al., 2011) ii. Hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature less than 36C, is a relatively common occurrence in the unwarmed surgical patient. A mild degree of perioperative hypothermia can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (Hart et al., 2011) Show visual aid (Hart et al., 2011) III. Main Point 2: Unintended hypothermia leads to increased length of stay. a. Hypothermia extends post anesthesia recovery time and prolongs hospitalization. (AORN, 2015). i. Hypothermia decreases metabolism and changes the effects of anesthetic medication. (Rothrick, 2015) ii. Hypothermia can cause adverse cardiovascular, hematologic, immunologic, metabolic, and neurologic effects extending acuity and length of stay (Phillips, 2013). IV. Conclusion a. Restatement of thesis: Research suggests that intraoperative temperature management should be closely monitored

The Constructivist Theory and Brain Development Essay

The idea of epigenesis has become well known as an integral part of the constructivist theory which states that neural activity within the brain is largely spontaneous, driven by genetic and molecular instances (Mareschal, D., Johnson, M.H., Grayson, A., 2004). However, after birth, the neural activity is influenced by sensory and motor experience and the outside environment (Mareschal et al, 2004). Epigenesis is what the constructivist theory is about, the interaction between genes and the environment. A study done by Petersen et al used PET, or positron emission tomography, to understand the responses of native English adult speakers to written stimuli in the form of English words, pseudowords or words that had no meaning but could†¦show more content†¦During development, the temporal lobe is most responsible for responding to auditory (hearing) information, however for those who cannot hear, this section was used for a different sense (Mareschal et al, 2004). This sh ows that the temporal lobe in the brain, although genetically made to hear, had used the child’s sensory experience to become prominently involved with visual processing, or in other words, adapted to the environment that the child was in. If the brain was already made for development and not influenced by the outside world and environment, it would seem to be nearly impossible for a hearing part of the brain to adapt to only visual processing. Lastly, there was a study done by Mills that tested language acquisition in children, which also showed a link to epigenesis in development. This study concluded that with experience, certain types of processing in the brain are performed by more localised regions of the cortex (Mills, D.M, Coffey, S.A, Neville, H.J., 1993). The researchers collected data from ERPs that suggested processing of small words and control stimuli is spread over a large area of the cortex at first, however, this processing narrows to an area over the lef t temporal lobe only when the child’s vocabulary reaches about 200 words, regardless of the child’s age (Mareschal et al, 2004). One could argue that if this narrowing of processing of words happens at a particular age, then that area of theShow MoreRelatedConstructivist Learning Theory And Nursing Practice1520 Words   |  7 Pagesup-to-date. â€Å"Theory-based practice provides nurses with a perspective† (Parker, 2006, p.28). With the comprehension and use of educational theories, nursing educators can support student knowledge and development into practice. These theories are outlines of cohesive concepts and principals that describe, explain, or predict how people learn. Every one learns differently and as an educator you need to be familiarized with and open to the use of one or more combinations of theories to successfullyRead MoreCurrent Developments During The Secondary Students And How These Injuries Are Sustained Traumatic Brain Injuries?850 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Developments in Health Studies- Methodology The focus of this research is to understand the challenges traumatic brain injuries present to post-secondary students and how these injuries are a considerable element to their psychosocial, physical and emotional well-being. Theoretical and Methodological Assumptions An interpretive framework will guide this research with a specific focus on the disability theory. This theory centers on human difference as opposed to defect (Creswell, 2013)Read MoreEssay about What Is Constructivism3002 Words   |  13 Pageschild grow from infancy to toddler hood, we marvel at the amount of learning that has allowed her to understand her expanding environment. Those early years provide the basis for language, physical dexterity, social understanding, and emotional development that she will use for the rest of her life. All of this knowledge is acquired before she even sets foot in school! This child has taught herself by gathering information and experiencing the world around her. This is an example of constructivismRead MoreThrough The Collaborative Efforts Of Psychologists Jean1010 Words   |  5 PagesThrough the collaborative efforts of psychologists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, philosopher Ernst von Glasersfeld and many other contributing research ers, Constructivism has become a successful and supported learning theory. It has been conducted off biological and evolutionary research on cognitive science and developed by researching its role in the representation of learning (Fosnot Perry, 1996). As M. Gail Jones and Laura Brader-Araje (2002) discovered, Constructivism’s success was found dueRead MoreLearning Theories Essay6222 Words   |  25 PagesLearning Theories   †¢ The Technological Revolution †¢ The Spectrum of Learning Theories †¢ Behaviorism †¢ Constructivism †¢ Fitting the Other Theories into the Spectrum †¢ Theory of Multiple Intelligence †¢ Learning Theories and the Brain †¢ Brain Structures †¢ Implications for Learning Theory †¢ Implications for Multimedia †¢ References    By Darren Forrester Noel Jantzie Kilde: http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/%7Egnjantzi/learning_theories.htm    ThisRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning And The Skinner Box1707 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to education. BF Skinner, William Glasser, John Dewey, and Lev Vygotski are four notorious men in the history and impact of education. Bf Skinner (1904) was a behaviorist who his most widely known for his theory of operant conditioning and the Skinner box. His created this theory to study human behavior. Operant conditioning includes positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is giving a person a reward when the child behaves wellRead MorePiaget Of A Child s Brain Development Theory1057 Words   |  5 Pagesare constantly learning about new theories and expanding the knowledge on those that we already know, about the physical and mental development of Children. Through past and present theorists, we are shown whole new aspects of how a child develops to make up the being that they become. Through Piaget’s †˜Congnitive development theory’ we are shown the stages of a child’s brain development with a strong focus on the ages newborn – 11 years onwards. Piaget’s main theory is that children are able to constructRead MoreThe Philosophical Underpinnings Of Trauma Informed Care1529 Words   |  7 Pageslate 1990s and early 2000s, social work and mental health professionals began to articulate organizational frameworks for delivery of trauma informed care, as well as conceptual models based on scientific evidence about how traumatic stress impacts brains and behavior (Bloom, 1997; Harris Fallot, 2001; Covington, 2002; Rivard, Bloom, Abramovitz, 2003; Ko, Ford, Kassam-Adams, et al. 2008; Bloom, 2010). In 1998, SAMHSA launched the Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence study, a seminal studyRead MoreChildren With Learning And Developmental Disorders1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Constructivist, Developmental, Social, and Behaviorist Learning Theories as fut ure educators is crucial to our teaching methods. We must understand how students learn in order to provide for their needs as learners. These theories will continue to shape our learners each and every day. Effective teachers will effectively implement these learning theories into their classrooms in order to promote success and achievement for their students. Constructivist and Social Learning Theory LearningRead MoreTeaching Philosophy, Theories, And Pedagogies Work For Your Teaching Style Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesto discover what teaching philosophy, theories, and pedagogies work for your teaching style. â€Å"The best way to teach† is unique to each individual teacher. Even so, there are some aspects of teaching that are important to being an effective teacher. Some of the facets I will be discussing include understanding the Concordia University Educator as Professional Decision Maker, Reflective†¨Practitioner, and Adaptive Expert conceptual framework, learning theories to consider, and effective classroom practices

Mb0038 †Management Process and Organization Behavior Free Essays

Explain the process of negotiation. Negotiation is a dialogue intended to resolve disputes, to produce an agreement upon courses of action, to bargain for individual or collective advantage, or to craft outcomes to satisfy various interests. It is the primary method of alternative dispute resolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Mb0038 – Management Process and Organization Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Negotiation occurs in business, non-profit organizations, government branches, legal proceedings, among nations and in personal situations such as marriage, divorce, parenting, and everyday life. The study of the subject is called negotiation theory.Professional negotiators are often specialized, such as union negotiators, leverage buyout negotiators, peace negotiators, hostage negotiators, or may work under other titles, such as diplomats, legislators or brokers. Negotiation typically manifests itself with a trained negotiator acting on behalf of a particular organization or position. It can be compared to mediation where a disinterested third party listens to each sides’ arguments and attempts to help craft an agreement between the parties.It is also related to arbitration which, as with a legal proceeding, both sides make an argument as to the merits of their â€Å"case† and then the arbitrator decides the outcome for both parties. There are many different ways to segment negotiation to gain a greater understanding of the essential parts. One view of negotiation involves three basic elements: process, behavior and substance. The process refers to how the parties negotiate: the context of the negotiations, the parties to the negotiations, the tactics used by the parties, and the sequence and stages in which all of these play out.Behavior refers to the relationships among these parties, the communication between them and the styles they adopt. The substance refers to what the parties negotiate over: the agenda, the issues (positions and – more helpfully – interests), the options, and the agreement(s) reached at the end. Another view of negotiation comprises 4 elements: strategy, process and tools, and tactics. Strategy comprises the top level goals – typically including relationship and the final outcome. Processes and tools include the steps that will be followed and the roles taken in both preparing for and negotiating with the other parties.Tactics include more detailed statements and actions and responses to others’ statements and actions. Some add to this persuasion and influence, asserting that these have become integral to modern day negotiation success, and so should not be omitted. Skilled negotiators may use a variety of tactics ranging from negotiation hypnosis, to a straight forward presentation of demands or setting of preconditions to more deceptive approaches such as cherry picking. Intimidation and salami tactics may also play a part in swaying the outcome of negotiations.Another negotiation tactic is bad guy/good guy. Bad guy/good guy tactic is when one negotiator acts as a bad guy by using anger and threats. The other negotiator acts as a good guy by being considerate and understanding. The good guy blames the bad guy for all the difficulties while trying to get concessions and agreement from the opponent This is a unique combination framework that puts together the best of many other approaches to negotiation. It is particularly suited to more complex, higher-value and slower negotiations. Prepare: Know what you want.Understand them. Open: Put your case. Hear theirs. Argue: Support your case. Expose theirs. Explore: Seek understanding and possibility. Signal: Indicate your readiness to work together. Package: Assemble potential trades. Close: Reach final agreement. Sustain: Make sure what is agreed happens. There are deliberately a larger number of stages in this process as it is designed to break down important activities during negotiation, particularly towards the end. It is an easy trap to try to jump to the end with a solution that is inadequate and unacceptable.Note also that in practice, you may find variations on these, for example there may be loops back to previous stages, stages overlapping, stages running parallel and even out of order. The bottom line is to use what works. This process is intended to help you negotiate, but do not use it blindly. It is not magic and is not a substitute for thinking. If something does not seem to be working, try to figure out why and either fix the problem or try something else. Although there are commonalities across negotiations, each one is different and the greatest skill is to be able to read the situation in the moment and adapt as appropriate. How to cite Mb0038 – Management Process and Organization Behavior, Essays

The Structure Function of GeneChip Microarrays free essay sample

Student Handout Response Sheet: Used with Lab 5 Activity #2 Question Set (The Structure Function of GeneChip Microarrays) Directions: The following questions go with Activity #2 reading on the structure and function of GeneChip microarrays. Answer each question as thoroughly and detailed as possible. Part I – Intro, and Gene Expression Microarrays (1) What is gene expression? What can affect gene expression? †¢ When a gene is used to build an mRNA copy (transcription) which is then used to guide the synthesis of a protein (translation), the gene has been â€Å"expressed†. Thus the term gene expression refers to anytime a gene is â€Å"turned on†, leading to the synthesis of the protein it codes for. †¢ Gene expression can be affected by mutations or environmental factors. Thus the expression of genes is not always consistent within an organism. (2) Are all genes expressed in all cells? Explain why or why not. How do scientists study gene expression? No, not all genes are expressed in every single cell of an organism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure Function of GeneChip Microarrays or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Genes that code for vital functions needed by all cells (like getting energy from food) maybe expressed in all cells, while those needed by only specific cells will be found expressed in those cells only (such as pigments that protect skin cells). †¢ By measuring the amount of RNA copies a gene produces, scientists can study that gene’s level of expression. A highly expressed gene will produce a lot more RNA than a gene that is expressed in small amounts. A gene expression microarray can be used to detect both the presence and amount of RNA present in a cell. (3) What would researchers have to do in order to make a hypothesis about gene expression in the past, before the use of the microarrays? What can they know do with the use of microarrays? Scientists would have to refer to previous research on similar diseases or topics and extrapolate from that information. They would then have to form a hypothesis based on any links they find in this old research. †¢ With the use of microarrays, scientists are able to look at the entire genome at once, measuring the expression of every gene in the organism. They can then make comparisons of which genes are expressed in the cells of different organisms – for example: diseased versus normal cells. (3) How many genes are found in the human genome according to the latest studies? †¢ The latest scientific research points to there being approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome. However, this number is not definite. (5) Write the complementary (opposite match) DNA strand to AGGCTAGAC. TCCGATCTG (6) What is the term for the short piece of DNA bound to the glass chip? How many base pairs long is this piece of DNA? What does it represent? This piece of DNA is a probe and it is 25 base pairs long. It represents a small, unique section of the entire gene. (7) Why does the probe not have to represent the entire gene? What does the binding of the RNA to the probe show? This 25 base pair segment is unique to that specific area of the gene. It is so unique that it cannot be found anywhere else in the entire genome. †¢ So, when the RNA binds to the probe, you know that this gene was expressed since no other gene has this specific sequence. This way, you do not need to worry about building a probe that covers the entire gene. This allows the probes to be much smaller, more specific and easier to build. (8) What is hybridization? How is the process of hybridization used by microarrays? Hybridization is the basic attraction between two pieces of nucleic acids – either DNA to DNA, RNA to DNA, or RNA to RNA. It occurs due to the basic attraction between A and T as well as C and G. †¢ This process is used to determine which RNA sequences are present in a sample by â€Å"fishing† out the specific sequences from a large sample of thousands of different RNAs. Thus, if you have a piece of DNA that is ATCATG, and another piece hybridizes to it, you know the other piece (if it is RNA) must have the sequence of UAGUAC. (9) How specific and accurate is the detection of microarrays? They can detect one single specific RNA molecule in a sample of a mixture of over 100,000 different RNAs. (10) Describe the surface of the microarray chip. Be sure to include the dimensions of the entire array and a single feature. Also discuss the probes in each feature. The array is a 1. 25 cm by 1. 25 cm checkerboard, with each square (or section) known as a feature. There can be up to 6. 5 million features on one chip. †¢ Each square feature is about 11 micrometers by 11 micrometers and built on it is one specific probe. Each feature has about a million copies of a specific probe sequence. In the latest chips the features are actually as small as 5 micrometers by 5 micrometers and have up to 6. 5 million features on them. (11) What are the first few steps done when using a Gene Expression microarray? †¢ The first step is to isolate all of the RNA from the cell and make copies of the RNA through the process of PCR. These RNA pieces are then fragmented and labeled with biotin. (12) What is the purpose of the biotin and the fluorescent molecules? What happens when the RNA sample is washed over the microarray? The biotin attaches to each RNA fragment and acts like a molecular glue for fluorescent molecules that will be washed over the array The fluorescent molecules will then glow and show specifically which feature the RNA has hybridized to. †¢ When the sample is washed over the array, there are millions upon millions of tagged RNA pieces floating around and coming in contact with the million of probes on each feature. Most will not find a match, but somewhere a match may be made and that specific RNA will stick to the probes on the feature. (13) How can you tell if the sample matches a probe? What if it doesn’t? To look for a match, the excess sample is washed off the array, which leaves only the attached RNA (stuck to the probe it matches). To visualize which feature the RNA stuck to and in what amount, a fluorescent molecule is washed over the array and will stick to the biotin on the RNA fragments. The feature that the RNA has combined with will then fluoresce or glow when shined on with a laser from the scanner. †¢ If there is no match between the RNA and the feature probes, all the RNA will wash away and there will be no biotin for the fluorescent dye to stick to. Thus, when it is hit with a laser, it will not fluoresce or glow. (14) How can you tell if the gene was highly expressed? A gene that is highly expressed will create more RNA copies. If this occurs, then many RNA molecules will stick to the probes and the feature will shine brightly when scanned. Those genes expressed at a low level will create a small amount of RNA which will stick to the probes on the feature but will shine with less intensity. (15) How can a Gene Expression microarray be used to determine which genes are taking part in the disease or trait being studied? What can scientists do once they have identified the specific genes responsible? Scientists can look at which genes are expressed in people or organisms with a specific trait or disease. For example, they could identify which genes are expressed specifically in people that are loud speakers and not expressed in those that are not loud speakers. †¢ They can then do further studies to look at what is the function of the proteins created by these genes and find out how they result in the disease or trait. Scientists could do comparison studies using multiple chips to give them even more data. (16) Using heat map results, how could a scientist classify a disease based on genetics? What advantage does that give the researchers? Scientists compare gene expression patterns (heat maps) from people with the disease they are studying to patterns from people with similar diseases or no diseases at all. They do this to look for expression patterns for each situation. This way, they are specifically classifying each disease by the genetics behind it. †¢ This has an advantage because it allows researchers to develop therapies or drugs targeted at the specific genetics that cause the disease and not a general target for a group of similar diseases. (17) In the black and white gene expression image, what colors represent a strong intensity? What does that tell you about the gene expression level of the gene the feature represents? In a colors display image, what gene expression level does each color indicate? white and grey features represent a strong intensity. †¢ This tell you that the genes represented by features express a high level which results in lots of RNA from that gene. The color image display goes from the highest expression level to lowest level expression level. The expressed colors are white, red, yellow, green, light blue, dark blue, and black. (18) Before developing a treatment, what must a scientist who has identified a disease pathway do? How can Gene Expression microarrays be used for this? The scientist need to be able to tell if they block or disrupt the gene pathway in any way with the disease be disrupted and stop progression. This can be tested by blocking the function of the specific gene and evaluating the cells response. Micorarrays can determine which gene or combination of genes should be blocked to treat the disease. (19) How could Gene Expression microarrays be used to find a successful drug? What else can microarrays tell scientists about the effects of the drug? Gene expression microarrays can be used to find a successful drug by taking lagre numbers of chemical compounds and evaluating the effect of the expression of the genes on each compound. Seeing the effect the drug has on the gene expression of a particular organism is how this process occurs. †¢ Visualizing the effects the compounds have on other genes in the genome, giving clues to possible side effects. (20) What is personalized medicine? How can these microarrays be used for this? Personalized medicine is choosing the best treatment for a specific patient by identifying which drugs would work best on them based on their specific genetic pattern. †¢ Microarrays can be used to determine how people will react to specific drug if they have the same genetic pattern. Microarrays can identify specific genetic differences allows educated guesses on how a person will respond to a particular drug treatment. Part II – The GeneChip Genotype Microarray for SNPs (21) Define genotype. Explain what a person’s genotype is and give an example. A genotype is the combination a person has for a section of DNA or genes on the two chromosomes. One chromosome is given from each parent allowing ever person to have a pair of chromosomes. The combination of two alleles makes a genotype. If a Dd allele was crossed with the Ff allele the genotype would be D/F, d/F, F/f, d/f. (22) What is a SNP? Explain. †¢ A SNP is a single nucleotide polymorphism. It is a single base pair difference between two people. One person’s DNA might be AGC at a specific location and another person’s DNA might read ACG at the exact same location, (23) How can genotyping SNPs be used to find a disease gene? Researchers can determine which SNPs are found with people of the disease. For example, studies may show that 500 people with the disease share the same dozen or so SNPs. This helps the scientists to pinpoint the areas of the genome to focus their studies and look for the disease gene(s). (24) Why won’t a DNA with the sequence ATCATG bind to DNA with the sequence TATGAC? The base C in the first DNA sequence will not match up to the second T in the bottom DNA sequence. The strands do not match 100%. (25) How does knowing the sequence of one DNA strand help you to determine the SNP genotype the person has? How are probes built to find this out? The probes of a SNP genotyping microarray are designed to detect the SNP by having the middle base on the probe be variable. For example, the first probe may read ATTCATG while the second probe may read ATTTATG. These two probes are the exact same except for the middle base of the 7. The middle is used because that is the exact spot where the SNP has been identified. All people have the exact same DNA in the area this probe represents except for the middle base. †¢ If the person’s DNA sticks to first probe, you know that they must have G in their DNA at that spot (and C on their opposite strand, thus the person has the C/G SNP genotype). If the DNA sticks to the second probe, you know they must have an A at that exact spot (and T on their opposite strand, thus the person has the A/T SNP genotype). (26) How many SNPs are on the newest Genotyping arrays? 500,000 SNPs or more on a single array for the newest genotyping arrays. (27) Where is the SNP found on the 25 base long probe? Either base pair number 13 out of the 25 bases of the probe, or the middle position represents the place of the SNP. (28) Once the probes and the microarray are made, what is the first step to genotyping a sample with a genotyping array? How is this different from the use of gene expression arrays? First you would have to extract the DNA from the subjects’ blood or saliva. †¢ These two differ because Microarray’s need DNA samples as to gene expression arrays who need RNA from the sample to be tested. The amount of RNA needed for each sample varies because not all genes are expressed in all cells but the amount of DNA used is the exact same every time because the amount of DNA is the exact same in every cell. (29) What are the rest of the steps to get a DNA sample ready for genotype analysis? 1. After extracting the DNA, it must be amplified into large amounts by PCR, then labeled with Biotin. 2. The labeled DNA is then randomly fragmented into pieces. 3. The labeled fragments are washed over the array and those DNA fragments that are complementary to a probe will stick to the array. 4. The array is then washed to remove those fragments not bound and then washed with a fluorescent dye which sticks only to the Biotin-labeled DNA fragments. 5. The array is then scanned to look for which features show matches, indicating which type of SNP. (30) Why does a sample that binds to an ATTCATG probe have the C/G genotype? The middle base is a C so the complementary DNA strand that binds to it must have a G at the same spot where the C is. This makes the genotype C/G. (31) Explain the difference between someone heterozygous for a genotype versus someone who is homozygous for a genotype. Which is implicated in causing more diseases? Why? If a person inherited the A/t genotype for a SNP from both parents, the sequence does not vary making it exactly the same making them homozygous. If a person has one C/G genotype SNP from one parent and one A/T genotype from another, they are heterozygous for this SNP. †¢ Diseases will develop more so on a persons’ homozygous SNP genotype. This is due to the fact if a disease gene attached to the SNP C/G genotype and you are homozygous for that SNP genotype then you now have double the amount of the diseased gene compared to a person with a heterozygous SNP.