Archimedes Profile - About the Ancient Mathematician

Name: ArchimedesPlace of Birth: Syracuse, SicilyFather: PhidiasDates: c.287-c.212 B.C.Main Occupation: Mathematician/ScientistThe Manner of Death: Probably killed by a Roman soldier in the aftermath of the Roman siege of Syracuse. Famous Quote Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand, and I will move the world.- Archimedes Life of Archimedes: Archimedes, a mathematician, and scientist who determined the exact value of pi, is also known for his strategic role in the ancient war and the development of military techniques. First the Carthaginians, then the Romans besieged Syracuse, Sicily, the birthplace of Archimedes. While in the end Rome won and killed him (during the second Punic War, probably in 212 at the end of the Roman Siege of Syracuse), Archimedes put up a good, almost single-handed defense of his homeland. First, he invented an engine that threw stones at the enemy, then he used glass to set the Roman ships on fire -- well, at least according to legend. After he was killed, the regret-filled Romans had him buried with honor. Education of Archimedes: Archimedes probably traveled to Alexandria, Egypt, home of the famous library, to study mathematics with the successors of Euclid. Some of Archimedes Accomplishments: The name Archimedes is connected to a pumping device now known as a Archimedes Screw, which he may have seen in operation in Egypt.He described the principles behind the pulley,fulcrum andlever. Eureka!: The word eureka comes from the story that when Archimedes figured out a way to determine whether the king (Hiero II of Syracuse), a possible relative, had been duped, by measuring the buoyancy of the kings supposedly solid gold crown in water, he became very excited and exclaimed the Greek (Archimedes native language) for I have found it: Eureka. Here is the relevant passage from a public domain translation of the passage from Vitruvius who wrote two centuries later: ​But a report having been circulated, that some of the gold had been abstracted, and that the deficiency thus caused had been supplied with silver, Hiero was indignant at the fraud, and, unacquainted with the method by which the theft might be detected, requested Archimedes would undertake to give it his attention. Charged with this commission, he by chance went to a bath, and being in the vessel, perceived that, as his body became immersed, the water ran out of the vessel. Whence, catching at the method to be adopted for the solution of the proposition, he immediately followed it up, leapt out of the vessel in joy, and, returning home naked, cried out with a loud voice that he had found that of which he was in search, for he continued exclaiming, in Greek, ÃŽ µÃ¡ ½â€¢Ã ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ± [heà ºrÄ“ka] (I have found it out). - Vitruvius The Archimedes Palimpsest: A medieval prayerbook contains at least 7 of Archimedes treatises: Equilibrium of Planes,Spiral Lines,The Measurement of the Circle,Sphere and Cylinder,On Floating Bodies,The Method of Mechanical Theorems, andStomachion. The parchment still contains the writing, but a scribe re-used the material as a palimpsest. See William Noel Revealing the Lost Codex of Archimedes video. References: URL www.archimedespalimpsest.org/palimpsest_making1.html The Archimedes Palimpsest and URL www.thewalters.org/archimedes/frame.html Archimedes Palimpsest. Ancient Sources on the Weapons of Archimedes: Polybius Histories 8.2.3.2-8.4Livy AUC 24:34Plutarch Life of Marcellus 14:7 And yet even Archimedes, who was a kinsman and friend of King Hiero, wrote to him that with any given force it was possible to move any given weight; and emboldened, as we are told, by the strength of his demonstration, he declared that, if there were another world, and he could go to it, he could move this. 8 Hiero was astonished, and begged him to put his proposition into execution, and show him some great weight moved by a slight force. Archimedes therefore fixed upon a three-masted merchantman of the royal fleet, which had been dragged ashore by the great labours of many men, and after putting on board many passengers and the customary freight, he seated himself at a distance from her, and without any great effort, but quietly setting in motion with his hand a system of compound pulleys, drew her towards him smoothly and evenly, as though she were gliding through the water. 9 Amazed at this, then, and com prehending the power of his art, the king persuaded Archimedes to prepare for him offensive and defensive engines to be used in every kind of siege warfare. These he had never used himself, because he spent the greater part of his life in freedom from war and amid the festal rites of peace; but at the present time his apparatus stood the Syracusans in good stead, and, with the apparatus, its fabricator.Silius Italicus Punica 14:300-315Lucian Hippias 2 Reference:Archimedes and the Invention of Artillery and Gunpowder, by D. L. Simms; Technology and Culture, (1987), pp. 67-79. Archimedes is on the list of Most Important People to Know in Ancient History. Read more about Archimedes in Discoveries in Science Made by Ancient Greek Scientists.

Alcoholics Generated From Family Essay - 1979 Words

Alcoholics Generated From Family Many factors affect the way an adolescent reacts to the peer pressures of substance abuse. Many of these factors can be traced back to the adolescent’s family environment and upbringing. Researchers have described children of alcoholics as victims of an alcoholic family environment characterized by disruption, deviant parental role models, inadequate parenting, and disturbed parent child relationships. (Black.1982) An adolescent’s home and family are their primary source of the concepts of what is considered acceptable for drinking. Therefore, it is hardly surprising, that children follow their parents’ example. In many other cases†¦show more content†¦The problem only gets worse without and any help, and the drinking will continues to use alcohol even after bad incidents or criminal activity, such as being arrested for drunk driving or making a fool of himself or â€Å"being sick† in public. (A.C.A.W.S.O.2003) Characteristics of Children of Alcoholics (COA’s) ================================================= Children of alcoholics have many distinguishing characteristics that set them apart from other peers their age due to the different atmosphere that they are raised in such as; guilt, anxiety, embarrassment, and inability to have close relationships, confusion, anger, and depression. (Research Institute on Addictions.1997) The child may see himself or herself as the main cause of the mothers or fathers drinking and may feel the need to constantly worry about the situation at home, taking responsibility upon themselves. The thought that the alcoholic parent will become sick or injured, is also feared, along with fights and violence between the parents. (A.C.O.W.S.O.2003) Parents may give the child the impression that there is a terrible secret at home. 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Optimum Dividend Policy Free Essays

INTRODUCTION It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the significance of dividend policy, considering the fact that payment of dividend reduces earnings available for investment and increase external financing for investment purpose. Most households, investors and pensioners rely heavily on the dividends from their investments to make ends meet. A lot of theories have emerged regarding the dividend decisions made by companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimum Dividend Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now While some are of the opinion that the choice of dividend is irrelevant to the value of shareholder wealth, provided all retained earnings are invested in projects that give a positive net present value, others held the view that the capital structure decision is relevant as the cost of loan capital is cheaper than that of equity and as such advocates external source of financing as oppose to the use of dividends. This report will therefore examine some of the theories on dividend policies using five year dividend policy of Tesco Plc and Apple Incorporation. TESCO PLC Tesco is a retail store whose head office is in United Kingdom. It has an unrivalled FTSE 100 record of increasing dividend for the 26th consecutive year. Its major shareholders as at July 2010 are Blackrock Inc which owns 5.24%, Legal general Investment Management Limited which owns 3.71% of the issued share capital of the company, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, 3.02% (Annual report, 2010, pp. 1-3 45). Tesco Plc final dividend payout extracted from the annual reports between 2006 to 2010 is: YEAR:2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 DIVIDEND (pence): 6.10 6.83 7.70 8.39 9.16 APPLE INCORPORATION Apple is an American multinational corporation incorporated in 1977 which manufactures computers, computer accessories and mobile phones. In 1980, the company went public, selling 4.6 million shares at a price of $22 per share and closing at $29. (CNET news, 1997). The company does not pay dividends despite its continuous increase in shares arising from the success in new products lunch. Below gives an overview of Apple dividend history. Year 2009 20082007 2006 2005 Dividends $0 $0$0 $0 $0 Price $170.31$110.99 $198.08 $84.84 $0 Estimated EPS (year) $5.84, Estimated EPS (quarter) $1.38 Estimated EPS Growth 18.58%, Payout Ratio0.00%. DIVIDEND AND DIVIDEND POLICY Dividend is a cash payment made to shareholders on a quarterly or twice in a year basis based on the amount of shares held and dependent upon the dividend policy adopted by the company. It is normally paid to every shareholder at the record date and can be either in cash or reinvested into the business to generate capital gains (Atrill and McLaney, 2008, pp. 138-139). They are paid out of profit after deducting interest and tax liabilities and the Company Act 1985 makes it mandatory for companies to pay dividend out of accumulated net realised profit, taking into consideration any accumulated loss according to Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (Watson and Head, 2007, p.84). Dividend can be also in the form of bonus shares whereby instead of shareholders receiving cash as dividend, they receive additional share known as script dividend (Atrill, 2009, p. 365). Some companies like Google and Apple have a zero-dividend stock while others like Tesco Inc pays dividend. THEORIES OF DIVIDEND POLICY There is increasing pressure for companies to cut dividend in order to finance projects that gives a positive net present value using retained earnings which is a major source of finance for companies in the United Kingdom (Watson and Head, 2007, p. 285). Retained earnings are being used because there are no issue costs involve and are quick to raise (ACCA F9, 2010, p. 556). However, the decision of a company to use retained earnings to finance its investments will be dependent on the attitude of shareholders and capital market to a reduction in dividend, availability and cost of external sources of finance and amount of fund require relative to the available distributable profits (ACCA F9, 2010, p. 285). The following are some of the dividend policy theories that will be discussed in this report. DIVIDEND IRRELEVANCE THEORY This theory was pioneered by Modigliani and Miller in 1961. It argued that in a perfect capital market where there is the absence of transaction costs, taxation and market imperfections, shareholders are concerned with increase in wealth and will be indifference to whether the increase is a result of capital gain or dividend (ACCA F9, 2010, p. 556). To an investor, whether a firm pays dividend or not should make no difference to the value of the firm and it does not counts whether it is paid out as dividend or reinvested to yield a capital gain as dividend policy does not have any effect on share price (Chiang et al, 2006, pp.6413). This supports Human Resource Director of Aspire Plc of one dividend policy being as good as another as it has no effect on share price. Thus a company can choose to pay any amount of dividend and use retained earnings to finance projects that have positive net present value and maintain that shareholders who invest in a financial geared business will wan t a return that is the same with the return they will get from investing in a similar business that is ungeared and that returns the shareholders require from borrowing will remain unchanged with increase in levels of borrowing (Atrill, 2009, p. 344). Their argument is founded on the assumption that having a good security for the loans will prevent lenders from seeking additional returns. Modigliani and Miller fail to realised that human nature being naturally selfish and the business environment being chaotic, complex and unpredictable will make lenders seek higher returns so as to safe guard against such risk as global recession. Investors suffered dividend cuts with investments worth billions reduced to nothing in the wake of the financial crisis which were not matched by a reciprocal austerity on the part of investment bankers (Jones, 2011). Shareholders will require higher return due to the risk, inflation and interest. Moreover, their argument is founded on three assumptions of an ‘ideal business world’ devoid of share issue costs, market imperfections, transaction costs and taxation whereas in reality, these exist. A perfect market assumption of market prices not being influenced by a single seller or buyer (Hussainey et al, 2011, p.59) is unlikely to hold. The financial markets operate in a chaotic and unpredicted world and in reality, costs like agency, bankruptcy, and transaction costs are incurred when investors buy or sell their shares and tax will be charged as well as inflation (Abor and Bokpin, 2010, p. 180). Moreover, monopoly exists where a single seller can influence price. The ongoing war in Libya for instance has led to a large increase in fuel price all around the world (Barbajosa, 2011). However, the third assumption of no taxation will hold to a great extent giving that the United Kingdom no taxation rule on capital gains below ?9200 applies, whereas all dividends are tax charged (Atrill, 2009, p. 372). The tax position of an investor to a great extent will determine whether they prefer a capital gain to dividend and vice versa and shareholders will invest in companies whose dividend policies are in line with their investment needs DIVIDEND RELEVANCE THEORY This theory propounded by Lintner (1956) and Gordon (1959) is founded on the assumption that a shareholder will prefer to receive a dividend payment which is certain as oppose to investing the same amount in an investment whose value is not certain corroborating the point made by Aspire Plc Director of Operations that a known dividend now is preferred by shareholders to an uncertain capital gain in the future. This is similar to the bird in the hand dividend theory which says that a bird (dividend) in hand is worth more than two (capital gains) in the bush. Giving that future cash flows are uncertain, an investor will prefer dividends to retained earnings (Hussainey, 2011, p. 59). It therefore maintained that dividends are preferred to capital gains as a result of shareholders being risk averse. Some of their arguments is founded on the assumptions that dividends are a signal to shareholders and investors about the prospects of a company. This arises as a result of the asymmetry of i nformation between shareholders and managers (Alnold, 2007, p. 429). Thus shareholders see dividend as a means of passing across information to them as to the well being of their investments. A rise in dividend to the shareholder is a sign that the company has good prospects and share price tends to rise while a cut in dividend signals a poor performance (Tse, 2005, p. 14). Share prices thus go up when there is increase in dividend and go down when there is a cut in dividend and market makes use of announcement of changes in dividend payments in assessing the value of a security (Tse, 2005, p.14 in Pettit (1972). A pitfall of this notion is that an increase in dividend may implies that the company is short of positive net present value projects to invest in or has weak investments opportunities and as a result dispense cash out as dividend to shareholders (Baker and Wurgler, 2004, p. 1128). Apple does not pay dividend partly because of a similar reason that dividend payments give a negative perception that the company has run out of investments opportunities and as such will not grow much more (Elmer-Dewitt, 2010). Alternatively, companies with zero dividend shares like Berkshire Hathaway face a dilemma as to how to convey information about current performance and future prospects of the company if dividends are a means of passing on such information to the shareholders. Although investors invest in companies for various reasons, while some rely on dividend as a source of regular income like the pensioner and institutional investors who rely on dividend payments to meet various obligations and needs to meet, others prefer capital gains. However, like the argument put forward by the Sales Director of Aspire Plc that dividend policy should be structured to suit the type of shareholders a company has and dividend paid according to their needs, company dividend policy should be drafted base on the company’s clientele (shareholders) base and their needs or income requirements. Aspire Plc shareholders are majorly individuals, pension funds and insurance companies having total shares holdings of 66.7%, giving the obvious that the company’s majority clientele base is mainly shareholders who have liabilities to meet and would therefore prefer that dividend be paid as against having them invested for capital gains which a unit and investment fund company will have a preference for. Regardless of the fact that shareholders want dividends paid to meet obligations and income needs, they are also interested in the growth of the company. In dispensing cash as dividends to shareholders or reinvesting to yield a capital gain, a company should also consider shareholders tax preference. While some shareholders want dividends, they do not want the tax liability that comes with it. The United Kingdom tax law exempt capital gains below ?9200 whereas dividends are taxable. As a result, shareholders will want to delay dividend being paid to them to take advantage of this exemption. Similarly, if there is share appreciation, the tax benefits of deferring capital gains into the future may outweigh the cost of paying a higher tax rate on a relatively small dividend (Whitworth and Zhang, 2010, p.681). In an attempt to send a positive signal about future prospects of a company, company pays dividend despites its tax disadvantages. The cost of this signalling is that cash dividends are taxed higher than capital gains. While some investors would rather have capital gains to cut down on tax impact, others may prefer dividends because they prefer immediate cash in hand (Hussainey, 2011, p.60). RESIDUAL THEORY The theory which share a similar view with Modigliani and Miller’s except that it recognises issue costs but there is no taxation and market imperfections and argued that though dividend are important, the pattern is not. It further reiterates that a firm should pay dividend from cash remaining after investing in net positive value projects. The problem is how an investor knows that a company is investing in projects that will enhance the value of a company due to the asymmetry of information between management and investors or shareholders?. Payments of dividend is a means by which managers signal the true value of the firm and communicate insider information about the company to the shareholders (Tse, 2005, p.13). It brings about the issue of agency as an investor cannot tell that his or her dividend accrued to him or her has been reinvested in positive or negative net present value projects or used by the directors to pursue their own interest of empire building to the detr iment of investors. A typical example is Enron Corporation that has its managers claimed to have been reinvesting shareholders money and creating value through acquisition of over forty one companies, investments worth billions of dollars and increase in share price from $57.10 to $90.56 within 1998 by cooking fraudulent accounting information which the shareholders relied on. Its pre-initial public offering shares went from $10 million to $372 million within a day. It was soon discovered that the managers indulged in creative accounting to hide losses worth about $35 billion and had overstated income by $586 million. The share price went from $90.56 to $8.40 and subsequently to 61 cents (Gini et al, 2009, pp.110-114). Shareholders of firms can thus avoid incurring agency costs by reducing the cash available to the shareholders through the demand for dividend to reduce excess free cash flow. (ACCA F9, 2010, pp. 375-376) and (Hussainey, 2011, p. 60). ZERO DIVIDEND POLICY Some companies adopted a zero dividend policy whereby they do not pay dividends to their shareholders rather plough the cash back into the business to generate future capital gains. Companies such as Berkshire Hathaway, Google, Apple, and Microsoft until recently do not pay dividends. Apple do not pay dividend despite its holdings in cash and marketable securities which have grown from $24.5 billion to $46 billion. Its Chief executive Officer had said that the company has no plans of paying dividend in the near future. The company believes that cash hoard is a fast and easy means of financing investments projects such as acquisition, Research and Development in new products and put the company in less fewer risks by using retained earnings as opposed to external sources of finance to avoid exposing the entire company to risk (Ghosh, 2011). This may be due to the fact that the company’s major shareholders are co-founder Steve Jobs, who owns more than 5.5 million shares, Apple engineer and vice president Sina Tamaddon with 290,000 shares, and retail chief Ron Johnson with 232,000 shares. Other shareholders are institutional and Mutual Fund Holders. However, as of April 2009, more than 71 percent of Apple’s stock was owned by institutions and mutual funds with the largest institutional stock holder being FMR LLC, with 39.2 million shares, followed by Barclays Global Investors with 37 million. The top mutual fund holder is The Growth Fund of America with 24.1 million shares. In July 2009, the company’s stock was trading at $142.40 per share (Desjardins, 2011). This goes to show that 71% of its shareholders are mutual fund trusts who do not have immediate pressing needs to meet and would therefore prefer a capital gain to dividend, hence the use of retained earnings by Apple to finance its business. Also, giving the nature of Apple’s business, the company needs to invest in research and development which most times takes years for a brea kthrough to manifest. Apple would have also chosen not to pay dividend due to failure of who had almost $60-billion of cash on the balance sheet, from which they used about $32-billion to make a special one-time dividend in 2004. Microsoft’s share chart showns that its share price has gone nowhere in ten years. Not even a number of stock buybacks have helped push up the stock price. Also, Cisco Systems announcement to start paying a dividend had its shares plunged from almost $70 in 2000 to just above $20 no, while Apple shares have skyrocketed from $7 per share in 2003 to more than $333 currently (Ghosh, 2011). CONCLUSION REFERENCE ABOR, J AND BOKPIN, G,A. 2010. Investment opportunities, corporate finance, and dividend payout policy: Evidence from emerging markets. Studies in economics and Finance, 27 (3), pp.180-195). ATRILL, P AND MCLANEY, E. 2008. Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists. 6th edn. England: Pearson Education. ATRILL, P. 2009. Financial Management for Decision Makers. 5th edn. England: Pearson Education. Apple, Inc. (AAPN) Dividend Summary [WWW] (http://www.dividendinformation.com/AAPL_dividends (May 2011). ALNOLD, G. 2007. Corporate Financial Management. England: Pearson Education Limited. ACCA, F9. 2010. Financial Management: Complete text-December 2010. Berkshire: Kaplan Publishing UK. Barbajosa, A. 2011. Analysis: U.S. leverage to crimp Iranian oil exports fades. [WWW] http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/04/businesspro-us-iran-oil-leveage- (May 2 2011). BAKER, M AND WURGLER, J. 2004. A catering theory of dividend. The Journal of Finance, LIX (3), pp. 1125-1166. CHIANG,K, FRANKFURTER,G.M, KOSEDAG, A, AND WOOD JR,B,G. 2006. The perception of dividends by professional investors. Manageria Finance [Online Journal], 32 (1), pp. 60-81. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=The+perception+of+dividends+by++professional+investorsct=allec=1bf=1go=Go (April 22 2011). COLLINS, D. 2006. Enron: the good, the bad and the really ugly. In: GINI, A and MARCOUK, A.M. Case studies in business ethics. 6th.Edn. London: Pearson prentice Hall, pp. 104-115. (CNET news, 1997). http://news.cnet.com/2009-1001-201295.html DESJARDINS, D. 2011. Who Owns the Apple Computer Company[WWW] http://www.ehow.com/about_5143792_owns-apple-computer-company.html (April 25 2011). ELMER-DEWITT, P. 2010. Why Steve Jobs doesn’t Pay Dividends. [WWW] http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/13/why-steve-jobs-doesnt-pay-dividends/ (April 12 2011). GHOSH, P. 2011. Why doesn’t Apple pay a dividend[WWW] http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/98718/20110107/why-doesn-t-apple-pay-a-dividend.htm (April 12 2011). HUSSAINEY, K, MGBAME,C. O AND MGBAME, A.M. 2011. Dividend policy and share price volatility: UK evidence. The Journal of Risk Finance [Online Journal], 12 (1), pp. 57-68. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=Dividend+policy+and+share+price+volatility%3A+UK+evidencect=allec=1bf=1go=Go (April 15 2011). JONES, A. 2011. Barclays must Clear Mists for Investors [WWW] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8bdc54f6-70f4-11e0-962a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Lnlyn0w7 (May 8 2011) TSE, C. 2005. Use dividends to signal or not: an examination of the UK payout patterns. Managerial Finance. 31 (4), pp. 12-33. Tesco Major shareholders http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/financials/shareholders/ 9/5/11 TESCO. 2010. Annual Report. WATSON, D AND HEAD, A. 2007. Corporate Finance. 4th edn. England: Pearson Education Limited. WHITWORTH, J AND ZHANG,Y.2010. Accrued capital gains and ex-dividend day pricing. Managerial Finance Vol. 36 No. 8, 2010 pp. 680-702 How to cite Optimum Dividend Policy, Essay examples

Health Management Health Care Framework

Question: Discuss about the Report for Health Management for Health Care Framework. Answer: Introduction: An efficient governance arrangement identifies the inter-dependencies that exist between the financial, clinical and corporate governance across the service. Addition to this the governance assimilate them together to generate high quality, reliable and safe healthcare. According to Cowan (2013), Clinical governance is the a system through which the professionals of the health care system are responsible for delivering quality, safety and patient centered service to the community. As stated by Trong Tuan (2014), the contemporary model of the health care provision, several times is subjected to fragmentation and inadequate rationality. This appears to be one of the main reasons which are limiting the effectiveness of the various interventions and the quality of the outcomes related to the health care sector. Therefore, the accountability of the health care professionals is essential in upholding the clinical governance. This report will highlight the concepts of the clinical governanc e and its management issues. The dependence of the health service on the clinical governance framework will also be highlighted. In addition to this the report will also present a critical reflection on health care practice as a health care practitioner and will highlighting the strength and weakness of the clinical governance framework (Andreassen et al., 2015). Concepts of clinical governance, management, and clinical governance: Clinical governance is defined as a systematic approach that is designed to maintain and improve the quality of the patient centered care within a specific health care system. In terms of the health care professionals clinical governance means specification of the clinical standards that are delivered by them and the measures demonstrated by them. The main components of the clinical governance are risk management and information management (Trong Tuan, 2014). In the health care system Risk management is a potentially important component which is implemented in order to prevent, alleviate the financial loss and promote patient safety. According to Arnold Boggs (2015), Risk management in this sector is significantly needed since it can bridge the difference between life and death which makes the stakes considerably higher. Risk management in the health care system can be implemented by recognizing various factors and activities which can produce ill effects to the patients. In regards to the medical practitioners, if they are aware of the risk factors that are associated with the medical interventions, better vigilance during the patients assessment and treatment would be proper (Abimbola et al., 2014). In order to persist in the professional development it is critical for the medical practitioners to update their knowledge and skills in terms of the new and innovative intervention. At this point evidence based study becomes an important guide in the practice of risk management. As discussed by Arnold Boggs (2015), promotion of clinical governance takes place when the leaders of the health care sector provide the opportunity to the clinicians, nurses and other medical professionals to upgrade their skills. One more tool which is used by the health professionals is clinical auditing. By the use of clinical auditing the health professionals they can measure the quality of patient care provided by them. The measure is possible by comparing ones clinical practice with the national standard (Atrash Carpentier, 2012). Information management in terms of the health care system involves collection, management and utilization of the patient information within the clinic settings. Such a component helps in the determination of a systems effectiveness in identifying health issues, defining priorities, recognizing certain new and innovative solutions and assigning resources in order to improve the outcome. According to Black (2013), one of the essential attribute in clinical governance is openness. This attribute can only be maintained when every single information related to the clinical treatment is communicated with the patient and his family. Implementation of the advanced health research works can develop clinical governance in the health sector in a proper way (Bowling, 2014). Contemporary health service delivery: The framework of the health care system should be constructed in such way that the location of the health care service should be patient centric. The patient care involves a team of health care leaders and care givers. As stated by Da Costa et al. (2013), the leaders should be responsible for the management of the health performances. As discussed by Enthoven (2014), the contemporary health care can be categorized by involvement of two initiatives. Firstly, translational medicine which contributes to the health care quality by inculcating and promoting the rapid growth of the basic medical research results into the clinical practice. Secondly, Community health involves the improvement of the public health by emphasizing the environmental interventions and contextual causes. If these two advances combine together, then a potent future can be assured where the community will reflect a location for the best technologically advanced care practices. Thus, the challenges of such a contemporary health care demand for understanding and utilization of the resources provided by the patients and give the patients the information technologies which can support the patients as partners (Ellis Johnson, 2013). According to Heyrani et al., (2012), the clinical governance framework gives opportunities for the clinical practitioners to employ in the organizational planning of effective and safe health care services. According to Hooshmand et al. (2014), the management should focus on teamwork attributes. This will effectively augment the health service deliverance. Certain countries have adopted four-level model in order to provide patient-centered health care system and alter the dynamic of health care system. According to Idowu et al. (2013), the four-level model involves individual patients, the team of professionals such as the clinicians, nurses, and pharmacists, the modern resources and the political and economic environment of the health care system. The patient requirement has become a defining factor in this type of systems. The first level starts with changing the perspective of the clinical practitioners and patients in such a system are considered as partners in the process of care. The second level includes the summative effort of the team of health care practitioners and it is relied on the effective planning strategy of the whole team. The third level deals with the health care organization which can bring about significant change in the organization through the implementation proper human resource practices and operating systems. In term of the government the can promote transparency through designing of certain standard for the safety of the customer and quality of care. Reflection: As a health care professional one such experience that was gathered as a person during the clinical practices which can be discussed through a personal reflection. During the clinical practices one such incident was encountered with a patient who was suffering from sickle cell anaemia. According to Liaw et al. (2014), Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disorder that occurs due to the distorted shape of the RBC. As such the RBC cannot bind to the oxygen molecule. In cases of this type the patients require folic acid medication and blood transfusion in regular basis. The patient was only 15 years old boy. His weakness and regular blood transfusion hampered the quality of life in the boy. As concerned with the parents of the boy, the approach of treatment involved bone marrow transplantation (Kavaler Alexander, 2012). The whole team of clinical practitioners was ready for the surgery but there occurred a complication suddenly in the middle of the operation. The patient lost around 1500 ml of blood. Later it was realized that when the instruction given to the nurse to use the central venous catheter which marrow transplantation, the nurse due to incompetency in the use of the tool she could not set up the tool properly. It was not in the knowledge that the nurse was not aware of the use of the tool neither she had communicated with the superior professionals. This caused major complication in the operation therefore the surgery was delayed. After this event it was realized that the health care system involves a team of medical workers who are assigned for providing patient care. Thus, it is very important to have good interpersonal relationship among the members and also effective communication should be developed that is essential for providing care to the patient through a holistic approach. It c ould realize the weakness of the clinical governance after this incidence (Masters, 2015). Recognition of the strength and weakness: In order to provide quality care and safety it is essential for the health care organization and its leaders to understand their duties and responsibilities well. As stated by Ravaghi et al. (2013), the strength of the clinical governance depends in promoting an atmosphere and culture with modification in certain rules and regulation of the organization for betterment of the patient. But in this case the main complication developed due to the lack of coordination between the medical practitioners. As stated by James (2013), the regulation of the provider organization and private payer may aid in managing the financial and political environment of the health care system. According to Reeves et al. (2013), the second most important strength of clinical governance is proper communication and coordination between health care team. If the medical staff understands the role of each other the provision of medical care can be easier and more effective. In this case the lack of communication among the members created the problem. Thus, the challenges and issues of such a current health care insist for understanding and utilization of the resources which are received from the patients through proper communication and give the patients the information technologies which can support the patients as partners. Moreover, with the advancement in the field of science and technology, the medical sector has also brought advancements and innovations in its system. In order to provide the patients with best care the physicians need to exhibit their sophisticated performances. The main attribute of the clinical governance scaffold are undertaking the medical responsibilities suitably, identification of high quality care and endorsement of a steady improvement of the complete health care system. This may include the learning skills related to the knowledge about the recent medical development, learning about careful handling of new clinical equipments. If the instruction was provided initially by me then such a complication would not have arrived. After all this health service, delivery will enhance the quality of the health care system. It is very necessary to manage all the sectors of the healthcare to provide the health service delivery (Pirie et al., 2016). In order to deliver proper health service efficient communication should be maintained and should be informed among the various existing levels. The higher authorities should be supportive in nature and problems should be resolved through problem solving techniques during the season of crisis (Cowan, 2013). As discussed by System et al. (2005), the main weakness of the clinical governance is the obstacles that it experiences in the transformation for developing effective management and delivering efficient care and safety. As a health care professional it can be felt that the main challenges encountered by the clinical governance is the development of the managerial and organizational system. Addition to this most of the health care organizations cannot manage the elevation of the cost and the quality crisis. This kind of challenge faced by health care leaders highlights the need to change the health care system and invest in information technology, system engineering tool and providing integrated patient-centered care. Thus, it can be said that realization of appropriate clinical government framework in the organization is the technique to enhance accountability of patient care. (Spitzer Silverman Allen, 2015). Conclusion: Thus from the report on clinical governance and reflection on personal practice, it can be concluded that health care system faces several challenges in the delivery of care. The report summarized different component of clinical governance that transform healthcare organization. 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